Was Hannibal, Enemy of Ancient Rome, Black

Hannibal Barca was a Carthaginian general who was considered to be one of the great military leaders in history. Hannibal was born in 183 BCE and lived during a time of great political and military strife. Carthage was a large and important Phoenician city-state in northern Africa, which was often at odds with the Greek and Roman empires. Because Hannibal came from Africa, the question is sometimes asked, was Hannibal black? What Is Meant by the Terms Black and Africa? The term Black in modern usage in the U.S. means something different from what the common Latin adjective for black (niger) would mean. Frank M. Snowden explains this in his article Misconceptions about African Blacks in the Ancient Mediterranean World: Specialists and Afrocentrists. Compared with a Mediterranean person, someone from Scythia or Ireland was noticeably white and someone from Africa was noticeably black. In Egypt, as in other areas of northern Africa, there were other colors that could be used to describe complexions. There was also a good deal of intermarriage between the lighter-skinned people in northern Africa and the darker-skinned people called Ethiopians or Nubians. Hannibal may have been darker-skinned than a Roman, but he would not have been described as Ethiopian. Hannibal came from an area referred to as northern Africa, from a Carthaginian family. The Carthaginians were Phoenicians, which means that they would conventionally be described as a Semitic people. The term Semitic refers to a variety of people from the ancient Near East (e.g., Assyrians, Arabs, and Hebrews), which included parts of northern Africa. Why We Dont Know What Hannibal Looked Like Hannibals personal appearance is not described or shown in any indisputable form, so it is difficult to simply point to any direct evidence. Coins minted during the period of his leadership could depict Hannibal, but could also depict his father or other relatives. In addition, according to an article in the Encyclopedia Britannica based on the work of historian Patrick Hunt, while it is possible that Hannibal had ancestors from the interior of Africa, we have no clear evidence for or against: Regarding his DNA, as far as we know, we have no skeleton, fragmentary bones, or physical traces of him, so establishing his ethnicity would be mostly speculative. From what we think we know about his family ancestry, however, his Barcid family (if that’s even the right name) has been generally understood as descending from Phoenician aristocracy. ...[so] his original ancestry would be located in what is modern Lebanon today. As far as we know, little to no Africanization—if that is an acceptable term—happened there in that region before or during his era. On the other hand, since the Phoenicians arrived and then later settled in what is now Tunisia... almost 1,000 years before Hannibal, it is very possible his family had intermixed in DNA with peoples then living in North Africa....we shouldn’t deny any possible Africanization of the region of Carthage. Sources Encyclopedia Britannica.Snowden Jr., Frank M. Misconceptions about African Blacks in the Ancient Mediterranean World: Specialists and Afrocentrists. Arion. Third Series, Vol. 4, No. 3, Winter, 1997, pp. 28-50.

CASE Paul Cronan and New England Telephone Company (A)...

CASE: Paul Cronan and New England Telephone Company (A) I. LEGAL CASE ANALYSIS A. Facts Paul Cronan was hired by New England Telephone (NET) in 1973 as a file clerk. In 1983 he was promoted to service technician. He worked in Needham, Massachusetts for 18 months before transferring to South Boston, Massachusetts. In 1985, Cronan suffered from medical symptoms due to AIDS-related complex (ARC), and missed work sporadically for 6 months. In June, 1985 Cronan requested a third leave of absence from work for a doctor’s appointment. Cronan’s supervisor, Charles O’Brian, demanded to know the nature of the illness, and assured him that the information would be kept confidential. Cronan informed O’Brian that the illness was†¦show more content†¦These policies stated that AIDS was to be treated as any other illness and an employee diagnosed with AIDS may return to work if he is not disabled. The policies were unanimously approved by management and added to the corporate policy handbooks. No formal dissemination of these policies to the rank a nd file workers was made. In June 1986, Cronan was informed that his illness benefits had ceased and he was now only entitled to long term disability payments, having effectively been terminated from NET. Due to financial hardships, Cronan and NET came to a settlement agreement in October 1986. Cronan was reinstated in his job and transferred to the Needham, Massachusetts facility. The financial details remained sealed. Immediately upon his return to work at Needham, Cronan was subjected to harassment and hostility from the coworkers. The workers filed a union grievance stating that the reinstatement of Cronan violated their safety and health agreement in their labor contract. The next day the coworkers refused to be in contact with Cronan and 29 workers staged a walk-out. B. Critical Legal Issues 1. Privacy – Cronan’s privacy may have been violated when the news of his medical condition was revealed to the line management and subsequently to the coworkers. 2. Discrimination – Cronan’s diagnosis of AIDS could conceivably fall under the category of a disability, therefore the treatment he received from NET and the coworkers couldShow MoreRelated Analysis of the Paul Cronan Case Essay3729 Words   |  15 PagesAnalysis of the Paul Cronan Case I. Legal Analysis, Issue 1 Issue: Does party bringing suit (Plaintiff – Paul Cronan) qualify under the ADA for disability? Rule: In Review of ADA and the principles set forth at that time, there are several relevancies to consider here. A disability is described as follows: â€Å"For purposes of nondiscrimination laws (e.g. the Americans with Disabilities Act, Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and Section 188 of the Workforce Investment Act)

The Effects Of Socioeconomic Status On Multicultural...

Daily living in the United States has caused many to fall in the clutches of health issues, anxiety, and depression. Americans have become over whelmed with the worries and struggles of, social conditions, the racial crisis, and financial difficulties. Unfortunately, there are so many that are not recognizing these mental obstacles and are carrying on, baring the weight as if these feelings are normal. This qualifies as Socioeconomic Status (SES). Socioeconomic Status encompasses all of those factors that exceed one s physical health,......... social conditions, ...... one s sense of well-being...... They are often hindered in their attempts at conquering the disparities that permeate their reality. (Wimberley, 2015) Within marginalized populations SES is considered a prime predictor of health/wealth disparities. This situation has reached and all time high with depression alone affecting 14 million adults each year. (Wimberley, 2015) Socioeconomic Status has an impact on multicultural social work practice. â€Å"SES is commonly conceptualized as the social standing or class of an individual or group.† (Association, 2016) In the United States, a person or family is considered to be living in poverty if their aggregate income is less than their earned threshold.† (Proctor, 2015) This pertains to social work practice, because many of Americans are feeling the pressures of keeping up with the threshold of society, and at the same time appear to be focused. Social workShow MoreRelatedCodes of Ethics Comparative Chart Essay872 Words   |  4 Pagesfamilies and individuals. They respect the rights of those persons seeking their assistance, and make reasonable efforts to ensure that their services are used appropriately. National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Social workers’ primary goal is to help people in need and to address social problems. 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Margaret Fuller free essay sample

Fuller’s family was obviously a very influential part of her life throughout, and will shape her to be the very impactful individual she grows to be. Her father, Timothy Fuller, was one of the most helpful in this growth. Throughout her childhood, Mr. Fuller taught her Greek and Latin at a very early age, as well as how to read and write at the astounding age of three and a half. In about 1821, her father sent her to Boston Lyceum for Young Ladies, until 1824 where she was moved to a School for Young Ladies in Groton, closer to home. When she did come home, at the age of 16, she stated she felt she did not feel comfortable with other women, Her father was the preeminent role model for Margaret, and as such she had a early advantage, setting her on a fast pace, one that she’d keep for the rest of her life. We will write a custom essay sample on Margaret Fuller or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As Fuller traveled to Italy on business, she never would have guessed what was waiting around the corner. In 1846, she met Guiseppe Mazzini, who would introduce her to someone who would determine the outcome of the rest of her life, Giovanni Angelo Ossoli. She goes on to marry Ossoli, with whom she has a child. Giovanni also pulls her into a dangerous event, the Italian Revolution. Fuller volunteered at a hospital, until their side of the revolution saw defeat. Shortly following, Fuller and Ossoli decided to move their family to America. Fuller, Ossoli, and their child sailed out May 1850 for America. However, many mishaps will occur. On the way, the ship’s Captain dies of smallpox, and the less experienced Co-Captain must take over. He gets swept into Fire Island, New York, leaving most occupants of the ship dead, including Fuller, Ossoli, and their child, however their bodies were never found. Along with her family, a very influential factor was the additional people she met on her travels. To start off, in her studies and through her father’s influence, she met many intellectuals from Boston and Concord. On her work as a foreign correspondent for The Tribune, she traveled to Europe, where she met many scholars, a chance that very few woman of her time got the chance to achieve. Her meeting of these scholars continued to shape her as the person she became, as her writings reflected these encounters. Ultimately, her workings are what set her apart from the crowd. Her connection to the intellectuals of Boston, Concord, and Europe led to many of her works, such as her Conversations for The Dial. These Conversations led to an eventual editor position for the Dial, as well as book review editor for the New York Tribune. Her passion for excellence instilled by her father then led to her position as foreign correspondent for The Tribune. This position also led to many extravagantly written letters, many of which remain unfound. Many of Fuller’s writings were centered around women rights, and many of futures key female activists claim to draw inspiration from her works. Her first writing, â€Å"The Great Lawsuit. Man Versus Man. Woman Versus Woman. †, helped her set her standard for her others. These include â€Å"Summer on the Lakes† and â€Å"Woman in the Nineteenth Century†, and are some of the most influential writings on female freedom written, and were revolutionary in her time. Her influence on the social views of 1830’s America, from her climb up the journalism ladder to her place in the Italian Revolution, is indisputable. She was influenced by many things, as well as very interesting, from her feminist values, to her mysterious death, she was quite and individual. As Clare Boothe Luce said, at the time women were not looked as equals to me, but a lesser, subcategory of human. Mrs. Luce herself, said she drew on Fuller for an inspiration for many of her works and for strength when she was standing up against the mainstream, male dominating society that surrounded her.